Chronic Latent Magnesium Deficiency in Obesity Decreases Positive Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiometabolic Risk Indicators

Abstract

Background: Obesity and micronutrient deficiencies contribute to the risk of cardiometabolic diseases such are type 2 diabetes mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Objective: We examined the frequency of concomitant deficit of Magnesium (Mg) and vitamin D in obese patients and evaluated the connection of these combined deficiencies with indicators of cardiometabolic risk in non-diabetic subjects. Methods: Non-diabetic middle aged adults (n = 80; mean age 36 +/- 4 years, 52% women) were recruited based on weight/adiposity parameters {[}i.e. Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage (FAT%)]. Cardiometabolic risk indicators {[}insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)) and CVD risk (Framingham risk score for predicting 10-year CVD)], Mg status (i.e. total serum Mg concentration (TMg), Chronic Latent Mg Deficiency (CLMD) -0.75-0.85 mmol/L), vitamin D status (i.e. serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), vitamin D deficiency < 50 nmol/l) were assessed. Results: Among obese subjects 36% presented a combination of vitamin D deficiency and CLMD. In all studied patients, 25(OH) D and TMg levels both, individually and combined, showed a negative linear correlation with HOMA-IR and CVD risk. In subjects with CLMD (TMg < 0.85 mmol/L), a negative linear coefficient was found between 25(OH) D and, HOMA-IR and CVD risk, compared with subjects with normal TMg status (TMg >= 0.85 mmol/L). Conclusion: CLMD and vitamin D deficiency may commonly be present in obese non-diabetic subjects. Individually and combined, both deficiencies predispose non-diabetic patients to increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Maintaining normal Mg status may improve the beneficial effects of vitamin D on cardiometabolic risk indicators.