Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) respond to arterial wall injury by intimal proliferation and play a key role in atherogenesis by proliferating and migrating excessively in response to repeated injury, such as hypertension ...

Physical and biological characteristics of protons as well as technical requirements on proton beams are reviewed in order to illustrate the need for accurate proton transport simulations for therapeutic applications. ...

Dental cement materials have been developed with the aim to replace hard dental tissues. The first material used for pulp capping, root canal obturation, bifurcation perforation and apexification is calcium hydroxide (in ...

Regenerative medicine therapy is inspired by current research advances in cellular biology, genetic engineering, synthetic biology, material sciences and so far contributes to the traditional therapy, making resistant ...

Redox control is lost when the antioxidant defense system cannot remove abnormally high concentrations of signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronically elevated levels of ROS cause oxidative stress ...