Prekogranične površinske vode – monitoring radioaktivnosti

Abstract

Praćenje radioaktivnosti u Republici Srbiji definisano je Zakonom o radijacionoj i nuklearnoj sigurnosti i bezbednosti ( Službeni glasnik RS , br. 95/2018 i 10/2019), zajedno sa nizom pravilnika, uključujući Pravilnik o utvrđivanju programa sistematskog ispitivanja radioaktivnosti u životnoj sredini ( Službeni glasnik RS , br. 100/2010) i Pravilnik o monitoringu radioaktivnosti ( Službeni glasnik RS , br. 97/2011). U skladu sa ovim propisima, u Srbiji se sprovodi redovno i sistematsko uzorkovanje različitih matriksa životne sredine, uključujući vazduh, padavine, zemljište, vegetaciju, namirnice, vodu za piće i površinske vode. Praćenje površinskih voda igra ključnu ulogu u sistemu radiološkog nadzora u Srbiji zbog geografskog položaja zemlje nizvodno od dve operativne nuklearne elektrane: Krško u Sloveniji i Pakš u Mađarskoj. U slučaju radiološkog incidenta, ova uzvodna postrojenja mogla bi uticati na glavne reke koje protiču kroz Srbiju, prvenstveno na sliv Save i Dunava. Program praćenja radioaktivnosti fokusira se na merenje koncentracija prirodnih radionuklida, kao i veštačkih poput Cs-137, Sr-90 i H-3. Nuklearni reaktori, zbog potrebe za stalnim hlađenjem, grade se u blizini velikih reka, jezera i mora. Usled rada nuklearnih elektrana i mogućeg ispuštanja efluenata, monitoring radioaktivnosti u prekograničkim površinskim vodama predstavlja neophodnost.

Radioactivity monitoring in the Republic of Serbia is defined by the Law on Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Security ("Official Gazette of RS", Nos. 95/2018 and 10/2019), along with several by-laws, including the Rulebook on the Program for Systematic Testing of Radioactivity in the Environment ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 100/2010) and the Rulebook on Radioactivity Monitoring ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 97/2011). In accordance with these regulations, regular and systematic sampling of various environmental matrices is carried out in Serbia, including air, precipitation, soil, vegetation, foodstuffs, drinking water, and surface waters. Monitoring of surface waters plays a key role in the radiological surveillance system in Serbia due to the country's geographic position downstream from two operational nuclear power plants: Krško in Slovenia and Paks in Hungary. In the event of a radiological incident, these upstream facilities could affect major rivers flowing through Serbia, primarily the Sava and Danube river basins. The radioactivity monitoring program focuses on measuring concentrations of natural radionuclides, as well as artificial ones such as Cs-137, Sr-90, and H-3. Due to the need for continuous cooling, nuclear reactors are typically built near large rivers, lakes, or seas. As a result of nuclear power plant operations and potential effluent discharges, radioactivity monitoring of transboundary surface waters is essential.