A combined ligand- and structure-based approach for the identification of rilmenidine-derived compounds which synergize the antitumor effects of doxorubicin

Abstract

The clonidine-like central antihypertensive agent rilmenidine, which has high affinity for I-1-type imidazoline receptors (I-1-IR) was recently found to have cytotoxic effects on cultured cancer cell lines. However, due to its pharmacological effects resulting also from alpha(2)-adrenoceptor activation, rilmenidine cannot be considered a suitable anticancer drug candidate. Here, we report the identification of novel rilmenidine- derived compounds with anticancer potential and devoid of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor effects by means of ligand-and structure-based drug design approaches. Starting from a large virtual library, eleven compounds were selected, synthesized and submitted to biological evaluation. The most active compound 5 exhibited a cytotoxic profile similar to that of rilmenidine, but without appreciable affinity to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. In addition, compound 5 significantly enhanced the apoptotic response to doxorubicin, and may thus represent an important tool for the development of better adjuvant chemotherapeutic strategies for doxorubicin-insensitive cancers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.