Organophosphate Pesticides: Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Current Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Pesticides are used in almost all food production areas and represent pollutants of worldwide importance. The utilization of organophosphate (OP) pesticides is considered a major global health problem. The OP pesticides toxicity is closely related to their metabolism, oxidative stress induction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). OP pesticides affect cellular and molecular targets, which may lead to systemic disturbances and, finally, the development of various human diseases. The extent and severity of OPsinduced adverse effects depend not only on the specific pesticide properties, exposure levels, and route of absorption but also on polymorphisms in the main genes involved in OP metabolism. This chapter aims to provide insight into the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of OP pesticides in humans, their metabolism, mechanisms of action, and the potential treatment strategies to minimize their possible effects on the environment and human health.