TY  - JOUR
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Nikolić, Zoran M.
AU  - Farkas, Z
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
AU  - Kovats, E
AU  - Scheier, P
AU  - Feil, S
PY  - 2006
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2974
AB  - This paper presents results on fullerene formation during the processing of different graphite powders in an RF thermal plasma reactor. Graphite powders of different particle size and purity were fed into the reactor (Aldrich, KS4). Optical emission spectroscopy of atomic and molecular species is used as a diagnostic tool of the RF plasma flame. It was found that rotational and vibrational temperatures of C-2 radicals depend on the feed rate of the precursor used. The volumes of RF plasma flame during processing of graphite powders have been calculated. By analysing scanning electron microscopy micrographs of soot, the evaporation rate of the precursors used has been evaluated as well. Based on the obtained values of volumes of plasma flame and evaporation rate of starting powders, the concentration of C-2 radicals has been calculated.
T2  - Journal of Physics. D: Applied Physics
T1  - RF thermal plasma processing of fullerenes
VL  - 39
IS  - 2
SP  - 320
EP  - 326
DO  - 10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/012
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Marković, Zoran M. and Mohai, I and Nikolić, Zoran M. and Farkas, Z and Szepvolgyi, J and Kovats, E and Scheier, P and Feil, S",
year = "2006",
abstract = "This paper presents results on fullerene formation during the processing of different graphite powders in an RF thermal plasma reactor. Graphite powders of different particle size and purity were fed into the reactor (Aldrich, KS4). Optical emission spectroscopy of atomic and molecular species is used as a diagnostic tool of the RF plasma flame. It was found that rotational and vibrational temperatures of C-2 radicals depend on the feed rate of the precursor used. The volumes of RF plasma flame during processing of graphite powders have been calculated. By analysing scanning electron microscopy micrographs of soot, the evaporation rate of the precursors used has been evaluated as well. Based on the obtained values of volumes of plasma flame and evaporation rate of starting powders, the concentration of C-2 radicals has been calculated.",
journal = "Journal of Physics. D: Applied Physics",
title = "RF thermal plasma processing of fullerenes",
volume = "39",
number = "2",
pages = "320-326",
doi = "10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/012"
}

Todorović-Marković, B., Marković, Z. M., Mohai, I., Nikolić, Z. M., Farkas, Z., Szepvolgyi, J., Kovats, E., Scheier, P.,& Feil, S.. (2006). RF thermal plasma processing of fullerenes. in Journal of Physics. D: Applied Physics, 39(2), 320-326.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/012

Todorović-Marković B, Marković ZM, Mohai I, Nikolić ZM, Farkas Z, Szepvolgyi J, Kovats E, Scheier P, Feil S. RF thermal plasma processing of fullerenes. in Journal of Physics. D: Applied Physics. 2006;39(2):320-326.
doi:10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/012 .

Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Marković, Zoran M., Mohai, I, Nikolić, Zoran M., Farkas, Z, Szepvolgyi, J, Kovats, E, Scheier, P, Feil, S, "RF thermal plasma processing of fullerenes" in Journal of Physics. D: Applied Physics, 39, no. 2 (2006):320-326,
https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/2/012 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Karoly, Z
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
AU  - Farkas, Z
AU  - Nikolić, Zoran M.
PY  - 2005
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2910
AB  - Results on studies of molecular spectra emitted in the initial stages of fullerene synthesis during processing of graphite powder in RF thermal plasma conditions are presented in this work. CN-usually present in carbon plasmas-and C-2 were found as dominant molecular species. The role of CN radicals on the fullerene formation was discussed in detail. Intensities of CN and C-2 lines were studied against the composition of gas phase and the feed rate of graphite powder. The rotational-vibrational temperatures of CN species were calculated by fitting the experimental spectra to the simulated ones. It was concluded that in the plasma region CN radicals could be formed by the reaction Of C-2 with atomic nitrogen at smaller loads. This reaction lowered the yield of fullerenes. At larger loads, C2 formation was decreased due to lower temperature of the particles compared to smaller load. The CN radicals were produced by the surface reaction of the hot carbon particles with nitrogen atoms. Results confirmed that for effective fullerene synthesis, the nitrogen content of the precursors and the plasma gases should be minimized.
T2  - Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures
T1  - Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis
VL  - 13
IS  - 3
SP  - 215
EP  - 226
DO  - 10.1081/FST-200056236
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, Zoran M. and Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Mohai, I and Karoly, Z and Szepvolgyi, J and Farkas, Z and Nikolić, Zoran M.",
year = "2005",
abstract = "Results on studies of molecular spectra emitted in the initial stages of fullerene synthesis during processing of graphite powder in RF thermal plasma conditions are presented in this work. CN-usually present in carbon plasmas-and C-2 were found as dominant molecular species. The role of CN radicals on the fullerene formation was discussed in detail. Intensities of CN and C-2 lines were studied against the composition of gas phase and the feed rate of graphite powder. The rotational-vibrational temperatures of CN species were calculated by fitting the experimental spectra to the simulated ones. It was concluded that in the plasma region CN radicals could be formed by the reaction Of C-2 with atomic nitrogen at smaller loads. This reaction lowered the yield of fullerenes. At larger loads, C2 formation was decreased due to lower temperature of the particles compared to smaller load. The CN radicals were produced by the surface reaction of the hot carbon particles with nitrogen atoms. Results confirmed that for effective fullerene synthesis, the nitrogen content of the precursors and the plasma gases should be minimized.",
journal = "Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures",
title = "Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis",
volume = "13",
number = "3",
pages = "215-226",
doi = "10.1081/FST-200056236"
}

Marković, Z. M., Todorović-Marković, B., Mohai, I., Karoly, Z., Szepvolgyi, J., Farkas, Z.,& Nikolić, Z. M.. (2005). Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis. in Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 13(3), 215-226.
https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-200056236

Marković ZM, Todorović-Marković B, Mohai I, Karoly Z, Szepvolgyi J, Farkas Z, Nikolić ZM. Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis. in Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures. 2005;13(3):215-226.
doi:10.1081/FST-200056236 .

Marković, Zoran M., Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Mohai, I, Karoly, Z, Szepvolgyi, J, Farkas, Z, Nikolić, Zoran M., "Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis" in Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 13, no. 3 (2005):215-226,
https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-200056236 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Karoly, Z
AU  - Farkas, Z
AU  - Nikolić, Zoran M.
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
PY  - 2005
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2863
AB  - In this work, the results of an optical emission study of fullerene synthesis in an inductively coupled radio frequency thermal plasma reactor are presented. The emission spectroscopy studies, based on the use of the Swan C-2 (0, 1) and CN (0,0) vibrational emission spectra, were carried out to determine the plasma temperature. The evaporation process of graphite powder was observed by scanning electron microscopy.
T2  - Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society
T1  - Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process
VL  - 70
IS  - 1
SP  - 79
EP  - 85
DO  - 10.2298/JSC0501079T
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Marković, Zoran M. and Mohai, I and Karoly, Z and Farkas, Z and Nikolić, Zoran M. and Szepvolgyi, J",
year = "2005",
abstract = "In this work, the results of an optical emission study of fullerene synthesis in an inductively coupled radio frequency thermal plasma reactor are presented. The emission spectroscopy studies, based on the use of the Swan C-2 (0, 1) and CN (0,0) vibrational emission spectra, were carried out to determine the plasma temperature. The evaporation process of graphite powder was observed by scanning electron microscopy.",
journal = "Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society",
title = "Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process",
volume = "70",
number = "1",
pages = "79-85",
doi = "10.2298/JSC0501079T"
}

Todorović-Marković, B., Marković, Z. M., Mohai, I., Karoly, Z., Farkas, Z., Nikolić, Z. M.,& Szepvolgyi, J.. (2005). Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process. in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 70(1), 79-85.
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC0501079T

Todorović-Marković B, Marković ZM, Mohai I, Karoly Z, Farkas Z, Nikolić ZM, Szepvolgyi J. Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process. in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2005;70(1):79-85.
doi:10.2298/JSC0501079T .

Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Marković, Zoran M., Mohai, I, Karoly, Z, Farkas, Z, Nikolić, Zoran M., Szepvolgyi, J, "Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process" in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 70, no. 1 (2005):79-85,
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC0501079T . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
PY  - 2004
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6491
AB  - Results on studies of molecular spectra emitted in the initial stages of fullerene formation during the processing of graphite powder in induction RF reactor and evaporation of graphite electrodes in arc reactor are presented in this paper. It was found that C-2 radicals were dominant molecular species in both plasmas. C-2 radicals have an important role in the process of fullerene synthesis. The rotational-vibrational temperatures of C-2 and CN species were calculated by fitting the experimental spectra to the simulated ones. The results of optical emission study of C-2 radicals generated in carbon arc plasma have shown that rotational temperature of C-2 species depends on carbon concentration and current intensity significantly. The optical emission study of induction RF plasma and SEM analysis of graphite powder before and after plasma treatment have shown that evaporation of the processed graphite powder depends on feed rate and composition of gas phase significantly. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that in the plasma region CN radicals could be formed by the reaction of C-2 species with atomic nitrogen at smaller loads. At larger feed rate of graphite powder, CN species were produced by surface reaction of the hot carbon particles with nitrogen atoms. The presence of nitrogen in induction RF plasma reduces the fullerene yield significantly. The fullerene yield obtained in two different reactors was: 13% in arc reactor and 4.1% in induction RF reactor. However, the fullerene production rate was higher in induction RIF reactor-6.4 g/h versus 1.7 g/h in arc reactor.
C3  - AIP Conference Proceedings
T1  - Comparative analysis of carbon plasma in arc and RF reactors
VL  - 740
SP  - 328
EP  - 339
DO  - 10.1063/1.1843517
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_vinar_6491
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Marković, Zoran M. and Mohai, I and Szepvolgyi, J",
year = "2004",
abstract = "Results on studies of molecular spectra emitted in the initial stages of fullerene formation during the processing of graphite powder in induction RF reactor and evaporation of graphite electrodes in arc reactor are presented in this paper. It was found that C-2 radicals were dominant molecular species in both plasmas. C-2 radicals have an important role in the process of fullerene synthesis. The rotational-vibrational temperatures of C-2 and CN species were calculated by fitting the experimental spectra to the simulated ones. The results of optical emission study of C-2 radicals generated in carbon arc plasma have shown that rotational temperature of C-2 species depends on carbon concentration and current intensity significantly. The optical emission study of induction RF plasma and SEM analysis of graphite powder before and after plasma treatment have shown that evaporation of the processed graphite powder depends on feed rate and composition of gas phase significantly. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that in the plasma region CN radicals could be formed by the reaction of C-2 species with atomic nitrogen at smaller loads. At larger feed rate of graphite powder, CN species were produced by surface reaction of the hot carbon particles with nitrogen atoms. The presence of nitrogen in induction RF plasma reduces the fullerene yield significantly. The fullerene yield obtained in two different reactors was: 13% in arc reactor and 4.1% in induction RF reactor. However, the fullerene production rate was higher in induction RIF reactor-6.4 g/h versus 1.7 g/h in arc reactor.",
journal = "AIP Conference Proceedings",
title = "Comparative analysis of carbon plasma in arc and RF reactors",
volume = "740",
pages = "328-339",
doi = "10.1063/1.1843517",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_vinar_6491"
}

Todorović-Marković, B., Marković, Z. M., Mohai, I.,& Szepvolgyi, J.. (2004). Comparative analysis of carbon plasma in arc and RF reactors. in AIP Conference Proceedings, 740, 328-339.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1843517
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_vinar_6491

Todorović-Marković B, Marković ZM, Mohai I, Szepvolgyi J. Comparative analysis of carbon plasma in arc and RF reactors. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2004;740:328-339.
doi:10.1063/1.1843517
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_vinar_6491 .

Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Marković, Zoran M., Mohai, I, Szepvolgyi, J, "Comparative analysis of carbon plasma in arc and RF reactors" in AIP Conference Proceedings, 740 (2004):328-339,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1843517 .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_vinar_6491 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
PY  - 2004
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6427
AB  - In this article, the analysis of optical diagnostics of plasma parameters of carbon arc and induction thermal plasma in the process of fullerene synthesis is presented. The effect of carbon concentration on vibrational temperatures of C-2 radicals was investigated. The molecular vibrational temperatures of C-2. calculated from the emission intensities are in the range of 5000-10500 K.
T2  - Materials Science Forum
T1  - Optical diagnostics of carbon arc and induction plasmas
VL  - 453-454
SP  - 277
EP  - 281
DO  - 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.453-454.277
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Marković, Zoran M. and Mohai, I and Szepvolgyi, J",
year = "2004",
abstract = "In this article, the analysis of optical diagnostics of plasma parameters of carbon arc and induction thermal plasma in the process of fullerene synthesis is presented. The effect of carbon concentration on vibrational temperatures of C-2 radicals was investigated. The molecular vibrational temperatures of C-2. calculated from the emission intensities are in the range of 5000-10500 K.",
journal = "Materials Science Forum",
title = "Optical diagnostics of carbon arc and induction plasmas",
volume = "453-454",
pages = "277-281",
doi = "10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.453-454.277"
}

Todorović-Marković, B., Marković, Z. M., Mohai, I.,& Szepvolgyi, J.. (2004). Optical diagnostics of carbon arc and induction plasmas. in Materials Science Forum, 453-454, 277-281.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.453-454.277

Todorović-Marković B, Marković ZM, Mohai I, Szepvolgyi J. Optical diagnostics of carbon arc and induction plasmas. in Materials Science Forum. 2004;453-454:277-281.
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.453-454.277 .

Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Marković, Zoran M., Mohai, I, Szepvolgyi, J, "Optical diagnostics of carbon arc and induction plasmas" in Materials Science Forum, 453-454 (2004):277-281,
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.453-454.277 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Todorović-Marković, Biljana
AU  - Marković, Zoran M.
AU  - Mohai, I
AU  - Karoly, Z
AU  - Gal, L
AU  - Foglein, K
AU  - Szabo, PT
AU  - Szepvolgyi, J
PY  - 2003
UR  - https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2669
AB  - Formation of fullerene soot was studied in an inductively coupled, radiofrequency (RF) thermal plasma reactor. A previously developed kinetic model of fullerene formation was applied to determine synthesis conditions leading to high fullerene yield. The experimental results verified the kinetic model. Maximum yield of 4.1% was obtained in particular conditions. It corresponded to a fullerene production rate of 6.4 g h(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
T2  - Chemical Physics Letters
T1  - Efficient synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor
VL  - 378
IS  - 3-4
SP  - 434
EP  - 439
DO  - 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01320-4
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Todorović-Marković, Biljana and Marković, Zoran M. and Mohai, I and Karoly, Z and Gal, L and Foglein, K and Szabo, PT and Szepvolgyi, J",
year = "2003",
abstract = "Formation of fullerene soot was studied in an inductively coupled, radiofrequency (RF) thermal plasma reactor. A previously developed kinetic model of fullerene formation was applied to determine synthesis conditions leading to high fullerene yield. The experimental results verified the kinetic model. Maximum yield of 4.1% was obtained in particular conditions. It corresponded to a fullerene production rate of 6.4 g h(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
journal = "Chemical Physics Letters",
title = "Efficient synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor",
volume = "378",
number = "3-4",
pages = "434-439",
doi = "10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01320-4"
}

Todorović-Marković, B., Marković, Z. M., Mohai, I., Karoly, Z., Gal, L., Foglein, K., Szabo, P.,& Szepvolgyi, J.. (2003). Efficient synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor. in Chemical Physics Letters, 378(3-4), 434-439.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01320-4

Todorović-Marković B, Marković ZM, Mohai I, Karoly Z, Gal L, Foglein K, Szabo P, Szepvolgyi J. Efficient synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor. in Chemical Physics Letters. 2003;378(3-4):434-439.
doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01320-4 .

Todorović-Marković, Biljana, Marković, Zoran M., Mohai, I, Karoly, Z, Gal, L, Foglein, K, Szabo, PT, Szepvolgyi, J, "Efficient synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor" in Chemical Physics Letters, 378, no. 3-4 (2003):434-439,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01320-4 . .